*** Back Matter

*** Author’s Note

*** Dedication

*** Acknowledgments

** Chapter One Introduction: Anarchism and Revolutionary Discourse

*** The Anarchist Presence in the Chinese Revolutionary Movement

*** The Anarchist Contribution to Radical Ideology

*** Anarchism and Revolutionary Discourse

** Chapter Two Nationalism, Utopianism, and Revolutionary Politics: Anarchist Themes in the Early Chinese Revolutionary Movement.

*** Nationalism and Revolution: Global Consciousness and the Reconceptualization of Political Space

*** Initial Reception of Anarchism

*** Anarchist Themes in the Early Revolutionary Movement

** Chapter Three Science, Morality, and Revolution: Anarchism and the Origins of Social Revolutionary Thought in China

*** Anarchism and Social Revolution

*** The Place of Anarchism in Late Qing Politics

*** The Paris Anarchists

*** The Tokyo Anarchists

*** Vision and Revolution

** Chapter Four Anarchists against Socialists in Early Republican China

*** Anarchist Currents in the Early Republic

*** Shifu and Guangzhou Anarchism

*** Anarchism Against Socialism

*** Conclusion

** Chapter Five Radical Culture and Cultural Revolution: Anarchism in the May Fourth Movement

*** Contemporary Witnesses

*** The New Culture Movement and Anarchism

*** Anarchist Activity After 1915

*** The October Revolution and Anarchism

*** The Dialectics of Revolution: Social Revolution and Ethical Transformation

*** Anarchism and Cultural Radicalism in the May Fourth Period

** Chapter Six The Anarchist Alternative in Chinese Socialism, 1921–1927

*** Anarchists and Marxists: Collaboration and Split

*** Anarchism and Bolshevism: The Parting of the Ways

*** Anarchism Against Bolshevism and Marxism

*** Bolshevism and the Distortion of Revolution

*** The Critique of Marxism

*** Anarchists and Revolution in China

*** Revolution and Organization

*** Revolutionary Institutions of Anarchism: Labor Syndicates and Rural Communes

*** Social and Cultural Revolution in Anarchist Activity

*** In Retrospect

** Chapter Seven The Revolution That Never Was: Anarchism in the Guomindang

*** Anarchists and the Guomindang

*** National Labor University

*** Ideological Contradictions: Anarchism And The Three People’s Principles

*** The Suppression of Anarchism

*** Epilogue

** Chapter Eight Aftermath and Afterthoughts

*** The Dispersion of Anarchism

*** Revolutionary Discourse and Chinese Communism

*** A Concluding Observation

** Bibliography