* Part I: Trotsky and state capitalism

** Introduction

*** The question of Russia once more

*** Outline

** Trotsky’s theory of the Soviet Union as a degenerated workers’ state

*** Introduction

**** I The Russian Revolution

**** II The 1930s and World War II

**** III The 1950s

*** Leon Trotsky

*** Trotsky and the Orthodox Marxism of the Second International[7]

*** Trotsky and the theory of permanent revolution[8]

*** Trotsky and the perils of transition

*** The NEP and the Left Opposition

*** Preobrazhensky’s theory of primitive accumulation

*** The rise of Stalin

*** Trotsky and the Leninist conception of party, class and the state

*** The degeneration of the revolution

*** Bureaucracy and class

*** Trotsky and the question of transition

** The theory of the USSR as a form of state capitalism within Trotskyism

*** Introduction

*** The theory of state capitalism and the second crisis in Trotskyism

*** Cliff and the neo-Trotskyist theory of the USSR as state capitalist

*** The flaws in Cliff’s theory of state capitalism

* Part II: Russia as a Non-mode of Production

** Introduction

** The origins of Ticktin’s theory of the USSR

*** Introduction

*** Ticktin and the reconstruction of Trotskyism

*** Ticktin and Trotsky’s theory of the transitional epoch

*** Ticktin and the failure of Trotsky

*** Ticktin and the political economy of the USSR

**** A Question of Method?

**** Class

**** Laws

**** Waste

*** The question of commodity fetishism and ideology in the USSR

** Problems of Ticktin’s ‘political economy of the USSR’

*** The Wage-Form

*** Labour-Power as a Commodity

*** The Question of the Transitional Epoch

* Part III: Left Communism and the Russian Revolution

** Introduction

** Who was this communist left?

** The Russian Left Communists

*** Organic Reconstruction: Back to Orthodoxy

*** Lenin’s Arguments for State Capitalism Versus the Left Communists

*** ‘War Communism’

*** New Economic Policy: New Opposition

** The German/Dutch Communist Left

*** The German Revolution: Breaking from Social Democracy

*** The German Left and the Comintern

*** The spectre of Menshevism: October, a bourgeois revolution?

*** Back to Luxemburg?

*** Theses on Bolshevism

*** Mattick: Its capitalism, Jim, but not as we know it

** The Italian Left

*** Origins

*** Bordiga’s theory

** Conclusion

* Part IV: Towards a theory of the deformation of value

** Introduction

*** The capitalist essence of the USSR

*** The Trotskyist approach

*** Capitalist crisis and the collapse of the USSR

** The historical significance of state capitalism

*** Germany and the conditions of late industrialisation

*** Russia and late Development

** Underdevelopment

*** Mercantile and Industrial capitalism

*** Russia and the problem of underdevelopment

** The deformation of Value

*** The problem of the nature of the USSR restated

*** The circuits of industrial capital

** To what extent did the Commodity-form exist in the USSR?

*** To what extent did commodity-production exist in the USSR?

*** To what extent did commodity exchange exist in the USSR?

*** To what extent did Money exist in the USSR?

*** The sale of labour-power

*** Contradictions in the USSR: the production of defective use-values

** Conclusion