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\title{Ōsugi Sakae (1885–1923)}
\date{2009}
\author{David G. Nelson}
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Ōsugi Sakae, Japanese anarchist intellectual
leader, was a prolific writer and translator of
the works of anarchists including Kropotkin,
Bakunin, and Goldman. Born in Shikoku,
Ōsugi attended Nagoya Cadet School until
his expulsion for disorderly conduct in 1901.
Thereafter he moved to Tokyo to attend middle school, where he buried himself in his
studies and embarked on a spiritual journey,
ultimately turning to anarchism after his
mother’s death. Anarchist Kōtoku Shūsui
discovered Ōsugi and recruited him as a
contributor for Kōtoku’s paper, the \emph{Heimin shimbun}. Ōsugi eventually became central
to the Japanese anarchist movement as an
ardent, vocal activist.
The years 1906 to 1910 were formative;
Ōsugi spent much of this time imprisoned
for press law violations and participation
in demonstrations. Ōsugi served two years
after the 1908 Red Flag Incident, in which
he was arrested for arguing with police over
the display of red flags inscribed with anarchist slogans. In prison he learned several
European languages and became well-read
in sciences and political thought. In addition, Ōsugi avoided implication in the 1910
High Treason Incident when a foiled plot to
assassinate Emperor Meiji served as pretext
for the execution of 12 anarchists, including
Kōtoku and his ex-wife Kanno Suga. After
this tragic event, Ōsugi foreswore the use
of violent tactics in his attacks on Japan’s
sociopolitical system. Through his writing,
Ōsugi assumed a leading role in the anarchist
movement. Police efforts to silence him were
futile; when they shut down one of a series of
periodicals, Ōsugi merely published another,
keeping the movement in the forefront of
public awareness.
Ōsugi’s translations of western anarchist
literature shaped not only the anarchist
movement in Japan, but also his personal
life. Enamored with egoism and free love
embedded in the literature he translated,
the married Ōsugi carried on an affair with
anarchist Kamichika Ichiko. In 1916, he also
moved in with feminist anarchist writer Itō
Noe. While Itō shared Ōsugi’s views on free
love, the other two women did not – his wife
divorced him and Kamichika attempted to
kill him.
Through correspondence and his continued translation work, Ōsugi kept the Japanese
anarchist movement in close contact with
larger world events. Invited to participate in
the 1923 IWA meeting in Berlin, he smuggled
himself out of Japan in order to attend. In
transit, however, he attended a May Day rally
in France where authorities arrested and
subsequently deported him. Two months
later, Ōsugi’s career came to a tragic end.
Using the ensuing turmoil of the 1923 Tokyo
earthquake as justification, police arrested
several political activists, including Ōsugi and
Itō. Likely under orders from government
superiors, police strangled Ōsugi and Itō in
their cells.
\section{References and Suggested Readings}
\begin{amusebiblio}
Garcia, V. (2000) Three Japanese Anarchists:
Kotoku, Osugi, and Yamaga. London: Kate
Sharpley Library.
Ōsugi, S. (1992) The Autobiography of Ōsugi Sakae.
Berkeley: University of California Press.
Stanley, T. A. (1982) Ōsugi Sakae, Anarchist
in Taishō Japan: The Creativity of the Ego.
Cambridge: Council on East Asian Studies,
Harvard University.
\end{amusebiblio}
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The Anarchist Library
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Anti-Copyright
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David G. Nelson
Ōsugi Sakae (1885–1923)
2009
\bigskip
\emph{The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest}, Edited by Immanuel Ness. DOI: 10.1002\Slash{}9781405198073.wbierp1132
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\textbf{theanarchistlibrary.org}
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