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<p>
  ** Preface: On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs
 </p>

<p>
  ** Chapter 1: What Is a Bullshit Job?
 </p>

<p>
  *** why a mafia hit man is not a good example of a bullshit job
 </p>

<p>
  *** on the importance of the subjective element, and also, why it can be assumed that those who believe they have bullshit jobs are generally correct
 </p>

<p>
  *** on the common misconception that bullshit jobs are confined largely to the public sector
 </p>

<p>
  *** why hairdressers are a poor example of a bullshit job
 </p>

<p>
  *** on the difference between partly bullshit jobs, mostly bullshit jobs, and purely and entirely bullshit jobs
 </p>

<p>
  ** Chapter 2
 </p>

<p>
  ** What Sorts of Bullshit Jobs Are There?
 </p>

<p>
  *** the five major varieties of bullshit jobs
 </p>

<p>
  *** 1. what flunkies do
 </p>

<p>
  *** 2. what goons do
 </p>

<p>
  *** 3. what duct tapers do
 </p>

<p>
  *** 4. what box tickers do
 </p>

<p>
  *** 5. what taskmasters do
 </p>

<p>
  *** on complex multiform bullshit jobs
 </p>

<p>
  *** a word on second-order bullshit jobs
 </p>

<p>
  *** a final note, with a brief return to the question: is it possible to have a bullshit job and not know it?
 </p>

<p>
  ** Chapter 3: Why Do Those in Bullshit Jobs Regularly Report Themselves Unhappy? (On Spiritual Violence, Part 1)
 </p>

<p>
  *** about one young man apparently handed a sinecure who nonetheless found himself unable to handle the situation
 </p>

<p>
  *** concerning the experience of falseness and purposelessness at the core of bullshit jobs, and the importance now felt of conveying the experience of falseness and purposelessness to youth
 </p>

<p>
  *** why many of our fundamental assumptions on human motivation appear to be incorrect
 </p>

<p>
  *** a brief excursus on the history of make-work and particularly of the concept of buying other people’s time
 </p>

<p>
  *** concerning the clash between the morality of time and natural work rhythms, and the resentment it creates
 </p>

<p>
  ** Chapter 4: What Is It Like to Have a Bullshit Job? (On Spiritual Violence, Part 2)
 </p>

<p>
  *** why having a bullshit job is not always necessarily that bad
 </p>

<p>
  *** on the misery of ambiguity and forced pretense
 </p>

<p>
  *** on the misery of not being a cause
 </p>

<p>
  *** on the misery of not feeling entitled to one’s misery
 </p>

<p>
  *** on the misery of knowing that one is doing harm
 </p>

<p>
  *** coda: on the effects of bullshit jobs on human creativity, and on why attempts to assert oneself creatively or politically against pointless employment might be considered a form of spiritual warfare
 </p>

<p>
  ** Chapter 5: Why Are Bullshit Jobs Proliferating?
 </p>

<p>
  *** a brief excursus on causality and the nature of sociological explanation
 </p>

<p>
  *** sundry notes on the role of government in creating and maintaining bullshit jobs
 </p>

<p>
  *** concerning some false explanations for the rise of bullshit jobs
 </p>

<p>
  *** why the financial industry might be considered a paradigm for bullshit job creation
 </p>

<p>
  *** on some ways in which the current form of managerial feudalism resembles classical feudalism, and other ways in which it does not
 </p>

<p>
  *** how managerial feudalism manifests itself in the creative industries through an endless multiplication of intermediary executive ranks
 </p>

<p>
  *** conclusion, with a brief return to the question of three levels of causation
 </p>

<p>
  ** Chapter 6: Why Do We as a Society Not Object to the Growth of Pointless Employment?
 </p>

<p>
  *** on the impossibility of developing an absolute measure of value
 </p>

<p>
  *** how most people in contemporary society do accept the notion of a social value that can be distinguished from economic value, even if it is very difficult to pin down what it is
 </p>

<p>
  *** concerning the inverse relationship between the social value of work and the amount of money one is likely to be paid for it
 </p>

<p>
  *** on the theological roots of our attitudes toward labor
 </p>

<p>
  *** on the origins of the northern european notion of paid labor as necessary to the full formation of an adult human being
 </p>

<p>
  *** how, with the advent of capitalism, work came to be seen in many quarters either as a means of social reform or ultimately as a virtue in its own right, and how laborers countered by embracing the labor theory of value
 </p>

<p>
  *** concerning the key flaw in the labor theory of value as it became popular in the nineteenth century, and how the owners of capital exploited that flaw
 </p>

<p>
  *** how, over the course of the twentieth century, work came to be increasingly valued primarily as a form of discipline and self-sacrifice
 </p>

<p>
  ** Chapter 7: What Are the Political Effects of Bullshit Jobs, and Is There Anything That Can Be Done About This Situation?
 </p>

<p>
  *** on how the political culture under managerial feudalism comes to be maintained by a balance of resentments
 </p>

<p>
  *** how the current crisis over robotization relates to the larger problem of bullshit jobs
 </p>

<p>
  *** on the political ramifications of bullshitization and consequent decline of productivity in the caring sector as it relates to the possibility of a revolt of the caring classes
 </p>

<p>
  *** on universal basic income as an example of a program that might begin to detach work from compensation and put an end to the dilemmas described in this book
 </p>

<p>
  ** Acknowledgments
 </p>

<p>
  ** About the Author
 </p>

<p>
  ** Bibliography
 </p>


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