** Acknowledgments

** Introduction

* Part 1. State Projects of Legibility and Simplification

** Chapter 1. Nature and Space

*** The State and Scientific Forestry: A Parable

*** Social Facts, Raw and Cooked

*** Forging the Tools of Legibility: Popular Measures, State Measures

**** The Politics of Measurement

**** Statecraft and the Hieroglyphics of Measurement

**** Simplification and Standardization of Measurement

*** Land Tenure: Local Practice and Fiscal Shorthand

**** An Illustration

**** The Code Rural That Almost Was

**** The Illegibility of Communal Tenure

**** The Cadastral Map as Objective Information for Outsiders

**** What Is Missing in This Picture?

**** Transformation and Resistance

** Chapter 2. Cities, People, and Language

*** The Creation of Surnames

*** The Directive for a Standard, Official Language

*** The Centralization of Traffic Patterns

*** Conclusion

* Part 2. Transforming Visions

** Chapter 3. Authoritarian High Modernism

*** The Discovery of Society

*** The Radical Authority of High Modernism

*** Twentieth-Century High Modernism

** Chapter 4. The High-Modernist City: An Experiment and a Critique

*** Total City Planning

**** Geometry and Standardization

**** Rule by the Plan, the Planner, and the State

**** The City as a Utopian Project

**** A Textbook Case of High-Modernist Architecture

*** Brasília: The High-Modernist City Built—Almost

**** Brasília as the Negation (or Transcendence) of Brazil

**** Living in Brasília

**** Unplanned Brasília

*** Le Corbusier at Chandigarh

*** The Case Against High-Modernist Urbanism: Jane Jacobs

**** Visual Order Versus Experienced Order

**** The Functional Superiority of Cross-Use and Complexity

**** Authoritarian Planning as Urban Taxidermy

**** Planning for the Unplanned

** Chapter 5. The Revolutionary Party: A Plan and a Diagnosis

*** Lenin: Architect and Engineer of Revolution

**** The Lenin of What Is to Be Done?

**** Theory and Practice: The Revolutions of 1917

**** The Lenin of State and Revolution

**** The Lenin of The Agrarian Question

*** Luxemburg: Physician and Midwife to the Revolution

**** Revolution as a Living Process

*** Aleksandra Kollontay and the Workers’ Opposition to Lenin

* Part 3. The Social Engineering of Rural Settlement and Production

** Chapter 6. Soviet Collectivization, Capitalist Dreams

*** A Soviet-American Fetish: Industrial Farming

*** Collectivization in Soviet Russia

**** Round One: The Bolshevik State and the Peasantry

**** Round Two: High Modernism and Procurement

**** Authoritarian High-Modernist Theory and the Practice of Serfdom

*** State Landscapes of Control and Appropriation

*** The Limits of Authoritarian High Modernism

** Chapter 7. Compulsory Villagization in Tanzania: Aesthetics and Miniaturization

*** Colonial High-Modernist Agriculture in East Africa

*** Villages and “Improved” Farming in Tanzania Before 1973

*** “To Live in Villages Is an Order”

**** A Streamlined People and Their Crops

**** Communal Farming and Intensive Production

**** Bureaucratic Convenience, Bureaucratic Interests

**** The Idea of a “National Plantation”

*** The “Ideal” State Village: Ethiopian Variation

*** Conclusion

**** High Modernism and the Optics of Power

**** The Failure of Grids

**** The Miniaturization of Perfection and Control

** Chapter 8. Taming Nature: An Agriculture of Legibility and Simplicity

*** Varieties of Agricultural Simplification

**** Early Agriculture

**** Twentieth-Century Agriculture

**** The Unintended Consequences of Simplification

*** The Catechism of High-Modernist Agriculture

*** Modernist Faith Versus Local Practices

**** Monoculture and Polyculture

**** Permanent Fields Versus Shifting Cultivation

**** Fertilizer Versus Fertility

**** A History of “Unauthorized” Innovation

*** The Institutional Affinities of High-Modernist Agriculture

*** The Simplifying Assumptions of Agricultural Science

**** The Isolation of Experimental Variables

**** Blind Spots

**** Weak Peripheral Vision

**** Shortsightedness

*** The Simplifying Practice of Scientific Agriculture

**** Some Yields Are More Equal Than Others

**** Experimental Plots Versus Actual Fields

**** Fictional Farmers Versus Real Farmers

*** Two Agricultural Logics Compared

*** Conclusion

* Part 4. The Missing Link

** Chapter 9. Thin Simplifications and Practical Knowledge: Mētis

*** Mētis: The Contours of Practical Knowledge

**** The Art of the Locality

**** The Relation with Episteme and Techne

**** Practical Knowledge Versus Scientific Explanation

**** Learning Beyond the Book

**** The Dynamism and Plasticity of Mētis

*** The Social Context of Mētis and Its Destruction

*** The Case Against Imperial Knowledge

** Chapter 10. Conclusion

*** “It’s Ignorance, Stupid!”

*** Planning for Abstract Citizens

*** Stripping Reality to Its Essentials

*** The Failure of Schematics and the Role of Mētis

*** A Case for Mētis-Friendly Institutions

* Sources for Illustrations