** Preface

** CHAPTER 1. Hills, Valleys, and States, An Introduction to Zomia

*** A World of Peripheries

*** The Last Enclosure

*** Creating Subjects

*** The Great Mountain Kingdom; or, “Zomia”; or, The Marches of Mainland Southeast Asia

*** Zones of Refuge

*** The Symbiotic History of Hills and Valleys

*** Toward an Anarchist History of Mainland Southeast Asia

*** The Elementary Units of Political Order

** CHAPTER 2. State Space, Zones of Governance and Appropriation

*** The Geography of State Space and the Friction of Terrain

*** Mapping State Space in Southeast Asia

** CHAPTER 3. Concentrating Manpower and Grain Slavery and Irrigated Rice

*** The State as Centripetal Population Machine

*** The Shaping of State Landscapes and State Subjects

*** Eradicating Illegible Agriculture

*** E Pluribus Unum: The Creole Center

*** Techniques of Population Control

**** Slavery

**** Fiscal Legibility

**** State Space as Self-Liquidating

** CHAPTER 4. Civilization and the Unruly

*** Valley States, Highland Peoples: Dark Twins

*** The Economic Need for Barbarians

*** The Invention of Barbarians

*** The Domestication of Borrowed Finery: All the Way Down

*** The Civilizing Mission

*** Civilization as Rule

*** Leaving the State, Going over to the Barbarians

** CHAPTER 5. Keeping the State at a Distance The Peopling of the Hills

*** Other Regions of Refuge

*** The Peopling of Zomia: The Long March

*** The Ubiquity and Causes of Flight

**** Taxes and Corvée Labor

**** War and Rebellion

**** Raiding and Slaving

**** Rebels and Schismatics to the Hills

**** Crowding, Health, and the Ecology of State Space

**** Against the Grain

**** The Friction of Distance: States and Culture

**** Mini-Zomias, Dry and Wet

**** Going over to the Barbarians

**** Autonomy as Identity, State-Evading Peoples

** CHAPTER 6. State Evasion, State Prevention The Culture and Agriculture of Escape

*** An Extreme Case: Karen “Hiding Villages”

*** Location, Location, Location, and Mobility

*** Escape Agriculture

**** New World Perspectives

**** Shifting Agriculture as “Escape-Agriculture”

**** Crop Choice as Escape Agriculture

**** Southeast Asian Swiddening as Escape

**** Southeast Asian Escape Crops

*** Social Structures of Escape

**** “Tribality”

**** Evading Stateness and Permanent Hierarchy

**** In the Shadow of the State, in the Shadow of the Hills

** CHAPTER 6½. Orality, Writing, and Texts

*** Oral Histories of Writing

*** The Narrowness of Literacy and Some Precedents for Its Loss

**** On the Disadvantages of Writing and the Advantages of Orality

**** The Advantage of Not Having a History

** CHAPTER 7. Ethnogenesis, A Radical Constructionist Case

*** The Incoherence of Tribe and Ethnicity

*** State-Making as a Cosmopolitan Ingathering

*** Valleys Flatten

*** Identities: Porosity, Plurality, Flux

*** Radical Constructionism: The Tribe Is Dead, Long Live the Tribe

*** Tribe-Making

*** Genealogical Face Saving

*** Positionality

*** Egalitarianism: The Prevention of States

** CHAPTER 8. Prophets of Renewal

*** A Vocation for Prophecy and Rebellion: Hmong, Karen, and Lahu

**** Hmong

**** Karen

**** Lahu

*** Theodicy of the Marginal and Dispossessed

*** Prophets Are a Dime a Dozen

*** “Sooner or Later …”

*** High-Altitude Prophetism

*** Dialogue, Mimicry, and Connections

*** Turning on a Dime: The Ultimate Escape Social Structure

*** Cosmologies of Ethnic Collaboration

*** Christianity: A Resource for Distance and Modernity

** CHAPTER 9. Conclusion

*** State Evasion, State Prevention: Global-Local

*** Gradients of Secession and Adaptation

*** Civilization and Its Malcontents

** Notes

*** CHAPTER 1. Hills, Valleys, and States

*** CHAPTER 2. State Space

*** CHAPTER 3. Concentrating Manpower and Grain

*** CHAPTER 4. Civilization and the Unruly

*** CHAPTER 5. Keeping the State at a Distance

*** CHAPTER 6. State Evasion, State Prevention

*** CHAPTER 6½. Orality, Writing, and Texts

*** CHAPTER 7. Ethnogenesis

*** CHAPTER 8. Prophets of Renewal

*** CHAPTER 9. Conclusion

** Glossary