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<p>
  *  Appendix: The Russian Revolution
 </p>

<p>
  ** What happened during the Russian Revolution?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 1 Can you give a short summary of what happened in 1917?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 2 How did the Bolsheviks gain mass support?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 3 Surely the Russian Revolution proves that vanguard parties work?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 4 Was Lenin’s “State and Revolution” applied after October?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 5 Did the Bolsheviks really aim for Soviet power?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 6 What happened to the soviets after October?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 7 How did the factory committee movement develop?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 8 What was the Bolshevik position on “workers’ control” in 1917?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 9 What happened to the factory committees after October?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 10 What were the Bolshevik economic policies in 1918?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 11 Did Bolshevik economic policies work?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 12 Was there an alternative to Lenin’s “state capitalism” and “war communism”?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 13 Did the Bolsheviks allow independent trade unions?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 14 Was the Red Army really a revolutionary army?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 15 Was the Red Army “filled with socialist consciousness”?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 16 How did the civil war start and develop?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 17 Was the civil war between just Reds and Whites?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 18 How extensive was imperialist intervention?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 19 Did the end of the civil war change Bolshevik policies?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 20 Can the Red Terror and the Cheka be justified?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 21 Did Bolshevik peasant policies work?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 22 Was there an alternative to grain requisition?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 23 Was the repression of the socialist opposition justified?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 24 What did the anarchists do during the revolution?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 25 Did the Russian revolution refute anarchism?
 </p>

<p>
  ** What was the Kronstadt Rebellion?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 1 Why is the Kronstadt rebellion important?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 2 What was the context of the Kronstadt revolt?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 3 What was the Kronstadt Programme?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 4 Did the Kronstadt rebellion reflect “the exasperation of the peasantry”?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 5 What lies did the Bolsheviks spread about Kronstadt?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 6 Was the Kronstadt revolt a White plot?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 7 What was the real relationship of Kronstadt to the Whites?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 8 Did the rebellion involve new sailors?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 9 Was Kronstadt different politically?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 10 Why did the Petrograd workers not support Kronstadt?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 11 Were the Whites a threat during the Kronstadt revolt?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 12 Was the country too exhausted to allow soviet democracy?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 13 Was there a real alternative to Kronstadt’s “third revolution”?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 14 How do modern day Trotskyists misrepresent Kronstadt?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 15 What does Kronstadt tell us about Bolshevism?
 </p>

<p>
  ** What caused the degeneration of the Russian Revolution?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 1 Do anarchists ignore the objective factors facing the Russian revolution?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 2 Can “objective factors” really explain the failure of Bolshevism?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 3 Can the civil war explain the failure of Bolshevism?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 4 Did economic collapse and isolation destroy the revolution?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 5 Was the Russian working class atomised or “declassed”?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 6 Did the Bolsheviks blame “objective factors” for their actions?
 </p>

<p>
  ** How did Bolshevik ideology contribute to the failure of the Revolution?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 1 How did the Marxist historical materialism affect Bolshevism?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 2 Why did the Marxist theory of the state undermine working class power?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 3 How did Engels’ essay “On Authority” affect the revolution?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 4 How did the Bolshevik vision of “democracy” affect the revolution?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 5 What was the effect of the Bolshevik vision of “socialism”?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 6 How did Bolshevik preference for nationalisation affect the revolution?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 7 How did Bolshevik preference for centralism affect the revolution?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 8 How did the aim for party power undermine the revolution?
 </p>

<p>
  ** Were any of the Bolshevik oppositions a real alternative?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 1 Were the “Left Communists” of 1918 an alternative?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 2 What were the limitations of the “Workers’ Opposition” of 1920?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 3 What about Trotsky’s “Left Opposition” in the 1920s?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 4 What do these oppositions tell us about the essence of Leninism?
 </p>

<p>
  ** Why does the Makhnovist movement show there is an alternative to Bolshevism?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 1 Who was Nestor Makhno?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 2 Why was the movement named after Makhno?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 3 Why was Makhno called “Batko”?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 4 Can you give a short overview of the Makhnovist movement?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 5 How were the Makhnovists organised?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 6 Did the Makhnovists have a constructive social programme?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 7 Did they apply their ideas in practice?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 8 Weren’t the Makhnovists just Kulaks?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 9 Were the Makhnovists anti-Semitic and pogromists?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 10 Did the Makhnovists hate the city and city workers?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 11 Were the Makhnovists nationalists?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 12 Did the Makhnovists support the Whites?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 13 What was the relationship of the Bolsheviks to the movement?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 14 How did the Makhnovists and Bolsheviks differ?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 15 How do the modern followers of Bolshevism slander the Makhnovists?
 </p>

<p>
  *** 16 What lessons can be learned from the Makhnovists?
 </p>


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